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| 77 | <div onclick="SwitchMenu('menu_selected_1.1', 'skin/')" id="menu_selected_1.1Title" class="menutitle" style="background-image: url('skin/images/chapter_open.gif');">Table of Contents</div> |
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| 80 | <div class="menupagetitle">Home</div> |
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| 83 | <a title="Download Hoard" href="download.html">Download</a> |
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| 92 | <a title="How to Build Hoard" href="building.html">Building Hoard</a> |
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| 114 | <div id="content"> |
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| 115 | <div id="skinconf-txtlink"></div> |
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| 116 | <h1>The Hoard Multiprocessor Memory Allocator</h1> |
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| 117 | <div id="minitoc-area"> |
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| 118 | <ul class="minitoc"> |
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| 119 | <li> |
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| 120 | <a href="#Why+Hoard%3F">Why Hoard?</a> |
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| 121 | <ul class="minitoc"> |
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| 122 | <li> |
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| 123 | <a href="#Contention">Contention</a> |
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| 124 | </li> |
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| 125 | <li> |
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| 126 | <a href="#False+Sharing">False Sharing</a> |
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| 127 | </li> |
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| 128 | <li> |
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| 129 | <a href="#Blowup">Blowup</a> |
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| 130 | </li> |
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| 131 | </ul> |
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| 132 | </li> |
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| 133 | <li> |
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| 134 | <a href="#Press">Press</a> |
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| 135 | </li> |
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| 136 | <li> |
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| 137 | <a href="#Who%27s+Using+Hoard%3F">Who's Using Hoard?</a> |
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| 138 | </li> |
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| 139 | <li> |
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| 140 | <a href="#More+Information">More Information</a> |
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| 141 | </li> |
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| 142 | <li> |
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| 143 | <a href="#Technical+Information">Technical Information</a> |
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| 144 | </li> |
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| 145 | </ul> |
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| 146 | </div> |
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| 147 | |
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| 148 | |
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| 149 | <p class="quote"> |
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| 150 | ...if you'll be running on multiprocessor machines, ... <strong>use <a href="http://www.cs.umass.edu/~emery">Emery Berger</a>'s excellent Hoard multiprocessor memory management code</strong>. It's a drop-in replacement for the C and C++ memory routines and is very fast on multiprocessor machines. |
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| 151 | <em><a href="http://www.nerdbooks.com/item.php?id=0735615365">Debugging Applications for Microsoft .NET and Microsoft Windows</a>, Microsoft Press, 2003</em> |
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| 152 | |
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| 153 | </p> |
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| 154 | |
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| 155 | <!-- |
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| 156 | <p class="quote"> |
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| 157 | <strong>hoard:</strong> |
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| 158 | To amass and put away (anything valuable) for preservation, security, |
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| 159 | or future use; to treasure up: esp. money or wealth. |
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| 160 | <em>Oxford English Dictionary</em> |
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| 161 | </p> |
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| 162 | --> |
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| 163 | |
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| 164 | |
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| 165 | <p> |
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| 166 | The Hoard memory allocator is a fast, scalable, and memory-efficient |
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| 167 | memory allocator for shared-memory multiprocessors. It runs on a |
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| 168 | variety of platforms, including Linux, Solaris, and Windows. Hoard is |
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| 169 | a drop-in replacement for malloc(), etc. No change to your source is |
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| 170 | necessary. Just link it in or set just one environment variable (see |
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| 171 | <a href="using.html">Using Hoard</a> for more |
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| 172 | information). <strong>Hoard can dramatically improve the performance |
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| 173 | of multithreaded programs running on multiprocessors.</strong> |
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| 174 | |
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| 175 | |
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| 176 | |
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| 177 | </p> |
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| 178 | |
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| 179 | |
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| 180 | <a name="N1002C"></a><a name="Why+Hoard%3F"></a> |
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| 181 | <h2 class="boxed">Why Hoard?</h2> |
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| 182 | <div class="section"> |
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| 183 | <p> |
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| 184 | There are a number of problems with existing memory allocators that make Hoard a better choice. |
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| 185 | </p> |
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| 186 | <a name="N10035"></a><a name="Contention"></a> |
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| 187 | <h3 class="boxed">Contention</h3> |
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| 188 | <p> |
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| 189 | Multithreaded programs often do not scale because the heap is a |
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| 190 | bottleneck. When multiple threads simultaneously allocate or |
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| 191 | deallocate memory from the allocator, the allocator will serialize |
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| 192 | them. Programs making intensive use of the allocator actually slow |
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| 193 | down as the number of processors increases. Your program may be |
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| 194 | allocation-intensive without you realizing it, for instance, if your |
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| 195 | program makes many calls to the C++ Standard Template Library (STL). |
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| 196 | </p> |
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| 197 | <a name="N1003F"></a><a name="False+Sharing"></a> |
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| 198 | <h3 class="boxed">False Sharing</h3> |
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| 199 | <p> |
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| 200 | The allocator can cause other problems for multithreaded code. It can |
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| 201 | lead to <em>false sharing</em> in your application: |
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| 202 | threads on different CPUs can end up with memory in the same cache |
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| 203 | line, or chunk of memory. Accessing these falsely-shared cache lines |
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| 204 | is hundreds of times slower than accessing unshared cache lines. |
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| 205 | </p> |
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| 206 | <a name="N1004C"></a><a name="Blowup"></a> |
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| 207 | <h3 class="boxed">Blowup</h3> |
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| 208 | <p> |
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| 209 | Multithreaded programs can also lead the allocator to blowup memory |
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| 210 | consumption. This effect can multiply the amount of memory needed to |
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| 211 | run your application by the number of CPUs on your machine: four CPUs |
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| 212 | could mean that you need four times as much memory. Hoard is a fast |
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| 213 | allocator that solves all of these problems. |
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| 214 | </p> |
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| 215 | </div> |
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| 216 | |
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| 217 | |
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| 218 | <a name="N10057"></a><a name="Press"></a> |
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| 219 | <h2 class="boxed">Press</h2> |
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| 220 | <div class="section"> |
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| 221 | <p> |
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| 222 | |
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| 223 | <a href="http://www.intel.com/cd/ids/developer/asmo-na/eng/dc/xeon/43893.htm?page=4"><strong>Intel</strong> highlights the benefits of using Hoard</a> (a previous, slower version) on a 4-way Xeon system. |
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| 224 | </p> |
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| 225 | <p> |
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| 226 | |
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| 227 | <a href="http://developers.sun.com/solaris/articles/multiproc/multiproc.html"><strong>Sun</strong> concludes that Hoard is more space-efficient</a> than their own allocators. |
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| 228 | </p> |
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| 229 | </div> |
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| 230 | |
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| 231 | <!-- |
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| 232 | <section> |
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| 233 | <title>How Do I Use Hoard?</title> |
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| 234 | <p> |
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| 235 | Hoard is a drop-in replacement for malloc(), etc. No change to your source is necessary. Just link it in or set just one environment variable. See <a href="using.html">Using Hoard</a> for more information. |
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| 236 | </p> |
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| 237 | </section> |
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| 238 | --> |
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| 239 | |
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| 240 | |
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| 241 | |
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| 242 | <a name="N10072"></a><a name="Who%27s+Using+Hoard%3F"></a> |
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| 243 | <h2 class="boxed">Who's Using Hoard?</h2> |
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| 244 | <div class="section"> |
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| 245 | <p> |
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| 246 | Companies using Hoard in their products and servers include <a href="http://www.aol.com">AOL</a>, <a href="http://www.bt.com">British Telecom</a>, <a href="http://www.businessobjects.com">Business Objects</a> |
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| 247 | (formerly Crystal Decisions), <a href="http://www.entrust.com">Entrust</a>, <a href="http://www.novell.com">Novell</a>, <a href="http://www.openwave.com">OpenWave Systems</a> (for their |
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| 248 | Typhoon and Twister servers), and <a href="http://www.reuters.com">Reuters</a>. |
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| 249 | </p> |
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| 250 | <p> |
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| 251 | Open source projects using Hoard include the Bayonne GNU telephony |
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| 252 | server, the <a href="http://supertech.lcs.mit.edu/cilk/">Cilk</a> parallel |
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| 253 | programming language, the <a href="http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/research/DaSSF/index.html">Dartmouth |
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| 254 | Scalable Simulation Framework</a>, and the <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/commoncpp/">GNU Common C++</a> |
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| 255 | system. |
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| 256 | </p> |
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| 257 | <p> |
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| 258 | Hoard is also a part of several major Linux distributions, including Debian and Novell's SuSe. |
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| 259 | </p> |
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| 260 | </div> |
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| 261 | |
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| 262 | |
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| 263 | |
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| 264 | <a name="N100AA"></a><a name="More+Information"></a> |
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| 265 | <h2 class="boxed">More Information</h2> |
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| 266 | <div class="section"> |
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| 267 | <p> |
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| 268 | The first place to look for Hoard-related information is at the Hoard |
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| 269 | web page, <a href="http://www.hoard.org">www.hoard.org</a>. |
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| 270 | </p> |
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| 271 | <p> |
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| 272 | There are two mailing lists you should join if you are a |
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| 273 | user of Hoard. If you are just interested in being informed of new |
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| 274 | releases, join the <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/hoard-announce/">Hoard-Announce</a> |
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| 275 | list. For general Hoard discussion, join the <a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/hoard/">Hoard</a> mailing |
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| 276 | list. You can also search the archives of these lists. |
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| 277 | </p> |
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| 278 | </div> |
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| 279 | |
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| 280 | |
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| 281 | |
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| 282 | <a name="N100C3"></a><a name="Technical+Information"></a> |
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| 283 | <h2 class="boxed">Technical Information</h2> |
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| 284 | <div class="section"> |
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| 285 | <p> |
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| 286 | For technical details of a previous version of Hoard, read <a href="http://www.cs.umass.edu/~emery/hoard/asplos2000.pdf">Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications</a>, by Emery D. Berger, Kathryn S. McKinley, Robert D. Blumofe, and Paul R. Wilson. The Ninth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS-IX). Cambridge, MA, November 2000. |
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| 287 | </p> |
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| 305 | </div> |
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| 306 | <div class="copyright"> |
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| 307 | Copyright © 2005 Emery Berger.</div> |
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